Introduction In Southern Khorasan Province (East of Iran), due to the operation of active faults (North-South, East-West and North-West-South-east faults), we see earthquakes with different magnitudes. To reduce damage, it is important to determine areas with high seismic potential. Although accurate prediction of this great natural hazard is not possible definitively, it is possible to determine the probable location of the occurrence of an earthquake so the zoning necessity is apparent. The reliability of this map largely depends on the quality of available data, the scale of the study, the choice of a method and the proper modeling. Examples of these methods are using the AHP method and fuzzy logic. The study area is located in the Sistan structural province, which studies the active faults in this area along with the earthquakes that occurred, indicating that the area is tectonically active. Dehek fault with the northwest-southeastern direction is one of the branches of the western Neh fault and continue to southeast and reaches at Ismail Abad dextral. Investigation of seismotectonic maps (Porkermani, 1997) suggests that this area has high seismic potential and there have been many earthquakes in this area. Based on studies on earthquake density, length of faults in the region, magnitude of earthquakes and earthquakes acceleration, East of Iran has high seismic potential. Methods and Methodology In this study, six parameters were used including: seismic moment, seismic acceleration, isointensity of fractures, distance from faults, strength of units and depth of alluvium maps. Zoning studies indicate that seismic moment and seismic iso acceleration play the most important role in the occurrence of earthquakes in the region. Then the resets were examined by fuzzy logic method and finally the results of the study were analyzed in most seismic hazard maps. Results and Discuss In the classic logic, for weighting each factor, parts that are approximately similar in terms of other features and change the agent are considered, and by observing changes in this factor and according to expert opinion, the effect of this on the occurrence of earthquake is compared to the region of factors exclusively. Weighting is based on knowledge and judgment of the undergraduate. The results of these comparisons were introduced as a matrix to the Expert selection software. At the outlet, the weight of each parameter was determined. Among the factors, the seismic Moment parameter of the highest weight and the lowest absolute weight of the alluvial depth parameter were determined. In the fuzzy method, the normalization of the frequency ratio of each map using the Expert selection software then the degree of fuzzy membership was determined based on the normalized frequency ratios in the Idrisi software environment. Then, the maps prepared on the basis of fuzzy operators were overlapped in ARC GIS software and final output was prepared as zoning map. Output maps obtained on the basis of fuzzy operators show that. Output maps based on fuzzy algebraic (sum) is highly adapted to the fact that 20, 28, 26, 16 and 10 percent of the region is of very low, low, medium, high, and very high risk classes. Conclusion In this zoning, firstly, the factors influencing the creation of earthquakes were provisioned and prioritized. Among the factors, the seismic torque parameter had the highest weight, the erosion parameter, and the depth of alluvium. The low weight of the erosion and alluvial factors is due to the fact that most of the high-seismic focus area in the region at a focal depth of less than 12 km is due to the performance of the underlying faults, so the impact of these factors is low. Based on the seismic acceleration parameter, the acceleration that the Dehek fault enters the villages of that area is 0. 58 gravitational gravity. According to the Fuzzy algebraic operator function, about 70% of the decay area is in a very high risk area. Also according to the community map, 100% and according to the fuzzy share map, 15% of the district is in high and very high risk classes. Finally, in the fuzzy zoning map to a radius of 150 km, the greatest risk of earthquakes around the Nehbandan, Sahl Abad, Dehek, Chahar Farsakh, Ardakoul and Mazhan faults is at high risk.

The increase in the growth rate of the world population and the growth of the demand for the use of food resources has led to the development of food production and packaging. The food packaging industry is one of the most abundant industries, therefore it has significant polluting effects on the environment. Evaluating the harmful effects and identifying the origin of these effects in designing effective measures to reduce the harmful effects of this industry through reducing consumption, improving consumable raw materials and recycling is a way forward. With the aim of knowing the environmental effects of the packaging industry based on the life cycle approach, the environmental consequences of this industry have been applied to the vegetable packaging factory located in Dehak industrial town in the west of Tehran province. The destructive effects of this industry have been quantified based on the global ReCiPe method. The results of estimating the environmental effects of the process of food production and packaging (vegetables) in this study have shown the greatest environmental effect among the three groups of effects of resources, ecosystem and human health on human health. The origin of the greatest environmental load in this research has been shown as the source of damage through the investigation of effect groups, greenhouse vegetables and transportation. The results of the list of pollutant emissions obtained from the evaluation of environmental effects based on the life cycle in the studied factory indicate the emission of 2.2 kg due to fossil fuels and 74.7 grams of other activities in the air, the amount of carbon monoxide emission is 132 grams and also 7.96 grams in Air is also 874 milligrams and 2.83 grams in air per production of a package of vegetables (200 grams).

In this paper we have presented a new design of fault tolerant comparator with a fault free hot spare. The aim of this design is to achieve a low overhead of time and area in fault tolerant comparators. We have used hot standby technique to normal operation of the system without interrupting and dynamic recovery method in fault detection and correction. The circuit is divided to smaller modules for ease of testing and one hot spare is used for reconfiguration. Complexity, time and area overhead of designed fault tolerant comparator are more effective in compared recent methods.

In this paper, a new open-switch fault diagnosis method is proposed for the six-phase AC-DC converter based on the difference between the phase current and the corresponding reference using an adaptive threshold. The open-switch faults are detected without any additional equipment and complicated calculations, since the proposed fault detection method is integrated with the controller required signals. The proposed fault-tolerant technique reduces the value of overcurrent and total harmonic distortion (THD) on the healthy and faulty phases, by considering the redundancy mode of space vectors in space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and changing the switching signals in fault regions. This technique is performed without adding any legs, switches or triode for alternating currents (TRIAC) to the circuit. Finally, the proposed fault-tolerant technique is evaluated by MATLAB simulation and the results show its effectiveness.

Construction in near fault regions is of specific importance for which safety should be considered against seismic faults. Fault rupture zone is a region that civil construction receives highest damage from near fault zone effects such as surface fractures, strong ground motion, displacement and landslide in the regions of great slope and rough topography. In this study, first, the three dimensional topography and slope map of the studied area are prepared. The fault rupture zone of North Tehran Fault is calculated after developing the faults density and magnitudes gained from three probable mobile scenarios. Present study suggests a fault rupture zone of 2.2 to 1 km for North Tehran Fault.

Most of the megacities are located near the active faults. Ground motions in the vicinity of the active faults are associated with two main phenomena so called rupture directivity and fling effects. Therefore, it is important for earthquake resistance design and seismic hazard mitigation to evaluate the characteristics of near-fault ground motions in the megacities. In this paper, the near-fault ground motion was simulated using kinematic model for Tehran City, the capital of Iran. Tehran city was developed along the North Tehran Fault (NTF), which assumed to be the most probable seismic source for the city. Kinematic models are efficient tools to simulate long-period ground motions including slip heterogeneity (Asperities) on the fault and underground geology. Here, the near-fault ground motions are generated assuming NTF scenario using kinematic finite fault model. Then, the variations of faulting parameters such as rise time, maximum slip, rupture velocity, and site to fault distance on the near-fault pulse characteristics are numerically examined and discussed.

The right movement of the trade in the current society needs the government's supervision beside to investors trust to the tradesman.Something that encourages the investors to invest and makes them hopeful is assurance of maintaining the money, hoping to get benefit and banning the trademan to waste it. A trademan who uses the people's trust and gathers their money and does the trade, should exceed taking care of the people's money. Any kind of encroachment or dissipation of the trade man is regarded fault and leads to trade man to the fault bankruptcy conviction. The present paper considers the different aspects of fault bankruptcy.

This article investigates the problem of simultaneous attitude and vibration control of a flexible spacecraft to perform high precision attitude maneuvers and reduce vibrations caused by the flexible panel excitations in the presence of external disturbances, system uncertainties, and actuator faults. Adaptive integral sliding mode control is used in conjunction with an attitude actuator fault iterative learning observer (based on sliding mode) to develop an active fault tolerant algorithm considering rigid-flexible body dynamic interactions. The discontinuous structure of fault-tolerant control led to discontinuous commands in the control signal, resulting in chattering. This issue was resolved by introducing an adaptive rule for the sliding surface. Furthermore, the utilization of the sign function in the iterative learning observer for estimating actuator faults has not only enhanced its robustness to external disturbances through a straightforward design, but has also led to a decrease in computing workload. The strain rate feedback control algorithm has been employed with the use of piezoelectric sensor/actuator patches to minimize residual vibrations caused by rigid-flexible body dynamic interactions and the effect of attitude actuator faults. Lyapunov's law ensures finite-time overall system stability even with fully coupled rigid-flexible nonlinear dynamics. Numerical simulations demonstrate the performance and advantages of the proposed system compared to other conventional approaches.

Fault migration, an important phenomenon in fault-zones, is neither fully investigated nor defined comprehensively. In this paper, based on observations on Ardekul active fault zone (Eastern Iran), an evolutionary path is considered for strike-slip fault zone. According to this evolutionary path four stages; namely embryonic, youth, maturity and declining have been recognized. This evolutionary path may be generalized over different scales of brittle deformation. The proposed evolutionary path makes the fault migration clear. A case study of Ardekul fault zone is chosen for applying defined fault zone evolution and fault migration. Based on the results, fault migration can be divided into two grades; first, the prior and second, the posterior fault migration. Details of prior migration are distinguished including time of occurrence, stages, types, scales and mechanisms of migration, effective factors on migration and its characteristic features. The posterior migration can be studied from the viewpoint of prior migration. Moreover, the fault migration can be comprehensively classified into two topics; production-oriented fault migration and development-oriented fault migration. Some clay cake experiments are also designed to show the prior and posterior fault migrations.